3-Eth­oxy-4-hydroxy­benzaldehyde

The title compound (ethyl vanillin), C9H10O3, an important food additive and flavouring agent approved by FAO/WHO, has a vanilla odor four times that of vanillin and shows anti­­mutagenic activity. There are two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, each having a planar conformation and an intramolecular O—H⋯O bond. Mol­ecules are connected side-by-side, building infinite ribbons along c via inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The ribbons are then packed into layers perpendicular to the a axis

Structural Optimization and Thermal Management with PCM-Honeycomb Combination for Photovoltaic-Battery Integrated System

© 2022 Xinxi Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Power lithium–ion batteries retired from the electric vehicles (EVs) are confronting many problems such as environment pollution and energy dissipation. Traditional photovoltaic (PV) battery systems are exhibiting many issues such as being bulky and expensive, high working temperature, and short service span. In order to address these problems, in this study, a novel PV–battery device integrating PV controllers and battery module into an independent device is proposed. Phase change material (PCM) as the energy storage material has been utilized in battery module, and the aluminum honeycomb is combined with PCM to improve the heat conductivity under natural convection conditions. Three types of PV battery systems including the general PV–battery integrated system (G–PBIS), honeycomb PV–battery integrated system (H–PBIS), and honeycomb–paraffin PV–battery integrated system (HP–PBIS) have been investigated in detail. The results reveal that the maximum temperature of the HP–PBIS coupling with the double–layer 10×165×75 mm3 PCM was reduced to 53.72°C, exhibiting an optimum cooling effect among various PV battery systems. Thus, it can be concluded that the aluminum honeycomb provides the structural reliability and good thermal conductivity, and the PCM surrounding battery module can control the temperature rising and balance the temperature uniformly. Besides, the optimum PV–battery integrated system performs a promising future in energy storage fields.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Experimental investigation of the flame retardant and form-stable composite phase change materials for a power battery thermal management system

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This manuscript is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.An efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) will undoubtedlypromote the performance and lifespan of battery packs. In this study, a novelflame-retarded composite PCMs composed by paraffin (PA), expanded graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), red phosphorus (RP) and epoxy resin (ER) has been proposed for battery module. The thermophysical and flame retardant properties are investigated at both macro and micro levels. The results show that the proposed composite PCMs with an APP/RP ratio of 23/10 exhibit the optimum flame retardant performance. Besides, the APP/RP-based composite PCMs for 18650 ternary battery module has also been researched comparing with air cooled and PCM with pure PA modes. The experimental results indicated that the fire retardant PCMs shown significant cooling and temperature balancing advantages for battery module, leading to a 44.7% and 30.1% reduction rate of the peak temperature and the maintenance of the maximum temperature difference within 1.36°C at a 3 C discharge rate for 25°C. Even at 45°C, the temperature uniformity can still be controlled within 5°C. Thus, this research indicates the composite PCM had good flame retardant and form stable properties, it would be utilized in BTMS, energy storage and other fields.Peer reviewe

Experimental investigations on the correlations between the structure and thermal-electrochemical properties of over-discharged ternary/Si-C power batteries

© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is the accepted manuscript version of an article which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7274The thermal safety of power lithium-ion batteries（LIBs） has seriously affected the booming development of electric vehicles (EVs). Especially, owing to the requirement of high energy density, thermal runaway (TR) easily occurs in LIBs, resulting in a higher heat generation rate. Over-discharging is recognized as a common cause for TR. In the present research, the correlations between the structure and thermal-electrochemical properties of an over-discharged ternary/Si-C battery at room and high temperatures were investigated. The heat generation mechanisms of the batteries due to the maximum surface temperature and peak temperature difference variations during fast charging and discharging processes were investigated. Moreover, the electrochemical performances parameters of the batteries, such as voltage changing trend, discharge time, discharge capacity, internal resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra, were analyzed. When the battery was discharged at 2.0C and 55°C, its maximum temperature and highest temperature difference reached 91.34°C and 13.24°C, respectively, finally resulting in a sharp decline in electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the root reasons for performance degradation and heat generation intensification of the over-discharged battery (ODB) were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cause of the aforementioned phenomenon is due to irreversible damage of the electrode materials. This research not only reveals the relevant relationship between the thermal behavior and the microscopic structure of the over-discharged ternary/Si-C battery under various temperature conditions but also provides valuable insights for improving the safety of LIBs modules even packs.Peer reviewe

An efficient protocol of potato virus A eradication by thermotherapy coupled with in vitro culture of potato (Solanum tuberosum)

With the aim of developing an effective protocol for virus elimination from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlets, thermotherapy coupled with isolating the first nodal cuttings by in vitro culture was successful to potato virus A (PVA) elimination. The survival ratio of potato plantlets was affective by thermotherapy temperatures and durations. The optimal thermotherapy temperature was 36±1 oC with highest survival ratio and effective elimination. The results of RT-PCR indicated that the regenerated plantlets obtained from the first cycle (four weeks) of thermotherapy in daytime at 36±1 oC with light intensity 40 mmole/m/s for 12 hr, and 20±1 oC in darkness for 12 hr had PVA infected. While isolated the first nodal cuttings and followed by thermotherapy at the first cycle conditions for another two weeks, the PVA could be eliminated. Thermotherapy was given by culturing the nodal cutting from the infected of PVA for six weeks in total on MS medium, and the PVA-free plantlets were obtained. In concluded that the protocol of thermotherapy coupled with isolating the first nodal cuttings by in vitro culture in the study can be effectively used for virus free plantlets in potato, and probably also for other vegetable propagated plant species

Experimental Investigation on Thermal Management of Electric Vehicle Battery Module with Paraffin/Expanded Graphite Composite Phase Change Material

The temperature has to be controlled adequately to maintain the electric vehicles (EVs) within a safety range. Using paraffin as the heat dissipation source to control the temperature rise is developed. And the expanded graphite (EG) is applied to improve the thermal conductivity. In this study, the paraffin and EG composite phase change material (PCM) was prepared and characterized. And then, the composite PCM have been applied in the 42110 LiFePO4 battery module (48 V/10 Ah) for experimental research. Different discharge rate and pulse experiments were carried out at various working conditions, including room temperature (25°C), high temperature (35°C), and low temperature (−20°C). Furthermore, in order to obtain the practical loading test data, a battery pack with the similar specifications by 2S∗2P with PCM-based modules were installed in the EVs for various practical road experiments including the flat ground, 5°, 10°, and 20° slope. Testing results indicated that the PCM cooling system can control the peak temperature under 42°C and balance the maximum temperature difference within 5°C. Even in extreme high-discharge pulse current process, peak temperature can be controlled within 50°C. The aforementioned results exhibit that PCM cooling in battery thermal management has promising advantages over traditional air cooling

Long Non-Coding RNA PVT1/miR-150/ HIG2 Axis Regulates the Proliferation, Invasion and the Balance of Iron Metabolism of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background/Aims: To investigate the biological roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) PVT1 in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: qRT-PCR was performed to measure the expression of miRNA and mRNA. Western blot was performed to measure the protein expression. CCK-8 assay was performed to determine cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was performed to detect cell apoptosis. Wounding-healing assay and Transwell assay was performed to detect cell migration and invasion. Dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the target relationship. Quantichrom iron assay was performed to check uptake level of cellular iron. Results: PVT1 expression was up-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. Function studies revealed that PVT1 knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, PVT1 could directly bind to microRNA (miR)-150 and down-regulate miR-150 expression. Hypoxia-inducible protein 2 (HIG2) was found to be one target gene of miR-150, and PVT1 knockdown could inhibit the expression of HIG2 through up-regulating miR-150 expression. In addition, the expression of miR-150 was down-regulated, while the expression of HIG2 was up-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. Moreover, inhibition of miR-150 could partly reverse the biological effects of PVT1 knockdown on proliferation, motility, apoptosis and iron metabolism in vitro, which might be associated with dysregulation of HIG2. In vivo results showed that PVT1 knockdown suppressed tumorigenesis and iron metabolism disorder by regulating the expression of miR-150 and HIG2. Conclusion: Taken together, the present study demonstrates that PVT1/miR-150/HIG2 axis may lead to a better understanding of HCC pathogenesis and provide potential therapeutic targets for HCC

Design of the flame retardant form-stable composite phase change materials for battery thermal management system

Phase change materials have attracted significant attention owing to their promising applications in many aspects. However, it is seriously restricted by some drawbacks such as obvious leakage, relatively low thermal conductivity, and easily flame properties. Herein, a novel flame retardant form-stable composite phase change material (CPCM) with polyethylene glycol/epoxy resin/expanded graphite/magnesium hydroxide/zinc hydroxide (PEG/ER/EG/MH/ZH) has been successfully prepared and utilized in the battery module. The addition of MH and ZH (MH:ZH = 1:2) as flame retardant additions can not only greatly improve the flame retardant effect but also maintain the physical and mechanical properties of the polymer. Further, the EG (5%) can provide the graphitization degree of residual char which is beneficial to building a more protective barrier. This designation of CPCM can exhibit leakage-proof, high thermal conductivity (increasing 400%–500%) and prominent flammable retardant performance. Especially at 3C discharge rate, the maximum temperature is controlled below 54.2 °C and the temperature difference is maintained within 2.2 °C in the battery module, which presents a superior thermal management effect. This work suggests an efficient and feasible approach toward exploiting a multifunctional phase change material for thermal management systems for electric vehicles and energy storage fields